Meeting the water needs of industrial, energy and agricultural sectors, and ecosystems is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Uncertainty associated with watershed organization and function, and watershed response to disturbances such as droughts and floods, inhibits optimal resource management. 

To quantify interactions occurring within and across bedrock-groundwater-soil-vegetation compartments of mountainous watersheds, we are developing and using a variety of geophysical approaches including: 4D watershed sensing approaches, networked above-and-below ground sensing systems, functional zone constructs for characterizing watershed organization, and use of physics-based and machine learning approaches to extract watershed insights from multi-scale, multi-physics datasets.